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========== Over the last few billion years, species have
appeared and disappeared from our planet like guests at an open-house party. Sometimes they’ve
shown up in droves, making the party swell with new forms of life, and other times, the
majority of the guests have headed for the exit virtually all at once.
The first big swell came about 550 million years ago, when the earliest animals appeared
and diversified into virtually all the basic body shapes we know today. One hundred million
years later, the warm, shallow seas were packed with tiny plants and animals – essentially,
hors d'oeuvres for a plethora of bigger creatures like trilobites, conodonts, brachiopods, and
corals. But just a million years after that, four out of five of the world’s marine specie...